Southern, Northern, Eastern And Western Blot History

It’s official – biologists DO have a sense of humor (well some of them at least…)

This is the story of how one of the most famous and quirky naming conventions in biology came into being. It’s a story of discovery, comedy, and the triumph of people’s power over the establishment.

Read on to find out the story of how the Southern, northern, and western (etc) blots got their names.

In 1975, when Ed Southern invented his method of using a radiolabeled DNA probe to detect a specific DNA sequence within a DNA sample (e.g., a fractionated genome) and named it after himself – the Southern blot – I’m sure that he had no idea about what he had started.

Two years later, J.C. Alwine, a biologist with a sense of humor, developed a technique analogous to the Southern blot, this time for identifying a specific RNA within a complex RNA sample using a radio-labeled DNA probe. Alwine couldn’t resist the temptation to call his technique the northern blot, an allusion to Southern’s technique, prompting chuckles in labs everywhere.

Then W. Neal Burnette, a post-doc working in the Nowinski group at the Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, started the real fun.

Burnette was searching for a way to combine the power of radioimmunoassay and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to pinpoint specific antigens in a complex protein mixture, such as a cell extract.

After some “laughably naive” (his own words) attempts to visualize the interaction between antibodies and the separated proteins in the gels, he was inspired by Alwine’s northern blot method (so indirectly by the Southern blot) to make a solid phase replica of the gel. So he developed the method of using electrophoresis to blot the protein onto nitrocellulose paper, and after some further work, perfected the technique of blocking non-specific binding sites and visualizing the specific radioimmunolabelled antigens using an X-Ray film.

In a historic, but mostly forgotten conversation with Nowinski, Burnette coined the name “western blot” for his technique. What fun. Like northern blotting, “western blot” was also an allusion to the Southern and northern techniques, but Burnette had upped the ante by throwing in a geographical reference to the location of the Nowinski lab. So if the Nowinski lab had been in New York, we would all be doing “eastern” blots.

A quick aside for the pedants among us. Note that among these techniques, only the Southern blot should be capitalized since it refers to Southern’s name, the others – northern, western, etc. – are not proper nouns, so should not be capitalized. Try pulling your boss up on that one next time he is in mid-flow, talking about a “Northern blot” in a departmental presentation.

Anyway, back to our story. Unfortunately for Burnette, no sooner had he perfected his technique than a paper describing a very similar method, also inspired by northern blotting, was published by Towbin et al working at the Friedrich Miescher Institute in Switzerland (see here for the reference and here for Towbin’s account of events).

Burnette was dejected, but nonetheless, convinced that his methodology was sufficiently different to Towbin’s, he decided to submit a manuscript on his western blot method to the Analytical Biochemistry journal.

The reviewers hated it; they hated the name even more – obviously, humor was not high on their agenda – and the manuscript was rejected.

But despite this, the popularisation of Burnette’s technique, and particularly the name “western blot” still happened even without the assistance of the literary establishment. It happened through the researchers’ sense of humor, through people power (assisted by Xerox power).

It happened because researchers, besides being interested in the technique itself, were tickled enough by its quirky name to make copies and send it to their friends. In Burnette’s words…

“…the few preprints I had sent to colleagues seemed to have undergone logarithmic Xerox multiplication. I began receiving phone calls from researchers unable to read the umpteenth photocopied generation of the pre-print, a sort of technical samizdat that I had to endlessly interpret”

A few years later, Burnette eventually coaxed Analytical Biochemistry into accepting his paper and it was published in 1981 (see here), but by then, word of mouth had already beaten them to it. Ironically, considering the people power that was doubtless (at least partly) responsible for it’s eventual publication, Burnette’s paper is available only to Analytical Biochemistry subscribers. *end of open access rant*

Bowen and colleagues continued the naming convention in 1981 with their publication of the southwestern blot, a technique for identifying DNA-binding proteins in nuclear protein extracts using specific oligonucleotide probes. The “south” in the name refers to the use of DNA probes, while the “west” refers to the protein blot.

Interestingly, Bowen’s paper alludes to Burnette’s western blot even though it was published before Burnette’s paper, which shows just how strongly word-of-mouth actually publicized the western blot.

And in 1998, Ishikawa and Taki published their far-eastern blotting method, no doubt a reference to their geographical location, for the analysis of lipids by TLC separation followed by blotting onto a PDVF membrane.

Finally, there is one blot that deserves mention. Legend has it (well, the legend of the bio.net forum at least) that Ethan Signer coined the phrase “eastern blot” for the tantric practice of willing a failed gel into show bands. Apparently, you take your blank gel, meditate, repeat the mantra, and the bands appear…

…if only!

If you’re a biologist with a sense of humor, join in by telling us about your favorite quirky naming conventions in the comments section.

Photo:nullalux

Dr Nick Oswald

Nick has a PhD from the University Dundee and is the Founder and Director of Bitesize Bio, Science Squared Ltd and The Life Science Marketing Society.

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