Ten Bad Chemicals In The Lab and What They Do To You!
Researchers are surrounded by dangerous elements, from infectious microbes to cranky advisors. With hazards all around, it’s easy to forget how deadly even common lab chemicals are.
But don’t worry – we’ve compiled a list of common, dangerous chemicals to help you out.
Acetonitrile
Be careful with this flammable irritant. Once this solvent is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, it converts to cyanide!
Chloroform
This volatile solvent can irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs. It also acts as an anesthetic that depresses the central nervous system. Once inside the body, it converts to highly toxic phosgene, a chemical weapon used during World War I.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
DMSO is such an excellent solvent that it crosses healthy, intact skin – and takes whatever is dissolved along with it! Be sure to wear your butyl rubber gloves if you are dissolving large amounts of something toxic (such as the neurotoxic pesticide rotenone) in DMSO.
Formaldehyde
This common fixative is a suspected human carcinogen. Take advantage of the fume hood, because formaldehyde can cause dermatitis, sinusitis, and asthma! And don’t buffer formaldehyde with hydrochloric acid, because together they form a potent carcinogen, bis-chloromethyl ether.
2-Mercaptoethanol
As if the rotten-fish smell wasn’t bad enough, 2-mercaptoethanol is a combustible corrosive. It can harm the skin and the mucous membranes, and cause larynx spasms, pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema when inhaled.
Methanol
Like other volatile solvents, methanol can easily enter the body through the lungs, gut, or skin. Once inside, methanol transforms to formic acid, which causes metabolic acidosis and blinding retinal toxicity.
Sodium Azide
This popular preservative is an extremely toxic skin irritant that can cause headaches, dangerously low blood pressure, and even heart failure. Sadly, its toxicity and ready availability in labs have made it a method of suicide for researchers (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22559996). Another word of caution: don’t pour sodium azide down the sink where it can react with copper and lead pipes, forming highly explosive substances!
Sodium Hydroxide
Disturbingly, it’s better to be splashed in the eye with concentrated acid than sodium hydroxide. Acids precipitate proteins, which form a protective “scab” over unharmed tissue, but strong bases like sodium hydroxide saponify fatty acids and destroy cell membranes. The “scab” never forms, so the base can just keep burning its way through. Wear your goggles!
Sodium Hypochlorite
In solution, this becomes bleach – an excellent anti-microbial because it is a strong and corrosive oxidant. While most researchers have gotten a burning whiff (and maybe a splash) of this irritant, they may not know that bleach can actually cause allergic contact dermatitis. Future exposure can then trigger skin reactions to even dilute bleach.
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
THF is a flammable solvent. Over time, THF produces shock-sensitive, explosive peroxides. If the THF evaporates off, the peroxides will concentrate in the remaining solution. Even slight bumping of a container containing concentrated peroxides can result in an explosion. (http://www.ehs.uci.edu/salerts/Lesson%20Learned_Peroxide.pdf).
Hopefully this list reminded you to treat even everyday chemicals with a little caution. Stay tuned for our next post: Even More Bad Chemicals!
References:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQsTM for Sodium Hydroxide. Toxic Substances Portal. 2011. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=248&tid=45
Chang S, Lamm SH. Human health effects of sodium azide exposure: a literature review and analysis. Int J Toxicol. 2003;22:175-186.
Clark DE. Chemical injury to the eye. Chem Health Safety. 2002;9(2):6-9.
Luttrell WE. Toxic tips: sodium hypochlorite. Chem Health Safety. 2001;8(6):24-26.
Luttrell WE. Toxic tips: chloroform. Chem Health Safety. 2005;12(3):36-37.
Walters D. Lesser known hazards in histopathology laboratories. Chem Health Safety. 2001;8(6):28.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. Acetonitrile – Compound Summary. PubChem Compound. Available at: http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6342&loc=ec_rcs#x332
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Education and Information Division. Sodium hydroxide. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2011. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0565.html
Sigma-Aldrich. Material Safety Data Sheet: Acetonitrile. 2012. Available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/271004?lang=en®ion=US
Sigma-Aldrich. Material Safety Data Sheet: Dimethyl Sulfoxide. 2012. Available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d8418?lang=en®ion=US
Sigma-Aldrich. Material Safety Data Sheet: 2-Mercaptoethanol. 2012. Available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/m3148?lang=en®ion=US
Sigma-Aldrich. Peroxide Forming Solvents. Sigma-Aldrich Learning Center. 2013. Available at http://ccc.chem.pitt.edu/wipf/SOPs/Peroxide%20Forming%20Chemicals.pdf
Zhang J, Wu H, Kim E, El-Shourbagy TA. Salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction with acetonitrile: a new high throughput sample preparation technique for good laboratory practice bioanalysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2009;23(4):419-425.
Hydrofluoric acid not included very hazardous acid
good website. Thanks
i actually inhaled Copper Chloride (CuCl2) at lab just to make sure that it was the thing that caused an awful smell lmao…… immediatly my nose started burning and i started to sneeze my ass off, actually i almost puked too
i think im high from chemisrtyyyyyyyyyyy
For those of a molecular biology persuasion: Phenol. Good for DNA preps. Bad for you.
systemic absorption causes central nervous system impairment and liver and kidney damage; local effects include irritation of the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Because of its low volatility, phenol does not pose a serious inhalation hazard in the occupational setting; the skin is a primary route of entry. A 32-year-old man died 10 minutes after spilling a strong solution of phenol over his scalp, face, neck, shoulders, and back. There was coagulation necrosis of the skin and left eye, acute dermatitis, and acute passive congestion of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. An oral dose of 1 gram of phenol many be lethal to humans; however, in exceptional cases, patients have survived the ingestion of 65 grams of pure phenol or 120 grams of the crude product. Roughly 50 percent of all reported cases have been fatal. Death may be rapid and usually results from respiratory failure. Chronic phenol poisoning is characterized by systemic disorders such as digestive disturbances, nervous system effects, and possibly by skin discoloration and eruptions; the prognosis is grave when there is extensive damage to the liver and kidneys. Concentrated phenol solutions are severely irritating to the eye and cause conjunctival swelling; the cornea becomes white and loses sensation. Loss of vision has occurred in some cases. In addition to systemic effects, contact with the solid or liquid can produce chemical burns. Erythema, edema, tissue necrosis, and gangrene have been reported.
Great website. Thanks.